Question: 1
Fig. 4.1 shows diagrams of two different types of cells, X and Y.
The cells are not drawn to scale.

(a) (i) State, using only the information in Fig. 4.1, two differences between plant cells and animal cells.

1 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Cell Y is a guard cell.

State, using only the information in Fig. 4.1, one adaptation of this cell and explain how the adaptation allows the cell to carry out its function.

adaptation_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

explanation _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(b) Fig. 4.2 shows drawings of the six chromosomes inside an animal cell viewed during late prophase of mitosis.

(i) Identify one pair of homologous chromosomes in Fig. 4.2 by drawing around each chromosome in the pair on the diagram.    1]
(ii) The nucleus of a sperm cell is produced by meiosis.

Draw a diagram in the space below to represent the chromosomes that are present in the nucleus of a sperm cell from the same animal.

[2]

[Total: 7]

Question: 2

(a) Name the type of nuclear division that produces two genetically identical nuclei.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(b) There are a number of stages during cell division.

The list, J to N, describes some processes that occur during the division of an animal cell.

Match each letter, J to N, with a stage of cell division in the list below.

The first one has been completed for you.

prophase	M

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

cytokinesis

[4]

(c) During interphase the genetic material is copied.

State two other processes that occur during interphase.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(d) Suggest two ways that cell division in plants differs from cell division in animals.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2] [Total: 9]

Question: 3
(a)	Fig. 5.1, on the insert, shows some drawings of a cell during different stages of mitosis.

lace stages P, Q, R, S and T in the correct sequence.

The first stage has been identified for you.

S

____________________________________________________________________________ [4]

(b) Mitosis is part of the cell cycle.

Fig. 5.2 shows a diagram of the cell cycle.

(i) Name one process that occurs during stages G1 and G2.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) During stage S, the genetic information is copied and checked.

Suggest what might happen if the genetic information is not checked.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(c) During meiosis a cell undergoes two divisions.

Suggest how cells produced by meiosis may differ from those produced by mitosis.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________[2]   [Total: 9]

Question: 4
In plants, dividing cells can be found in meristematic tissue.

(a) Name two parts of a plant where meristematic tissue can be found.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(b) In an investigation, a student observed the cells in a stained section of meristematic tissue. The student counted how many cells could be seen in each stage of the cell cycle.

Table 4.1 shows the results.

Table 4.1

stage of cell cycle
	percentage cells in stage (%)
	
interphase
	82.00
	
prophase
	4.34
	
metaphase
	3.23
	
anaphase
	3.23
	
telophase
	7.20

(i) Explain why the meristematic tissue needed to be stained for this investigation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Name the type of nuclear division that occurs in a plant meristem.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________[1]

(c) Using the results shown in Table 4.1, calculate the percentage of the cell cycle taken up by nuclear division.

Show your working.

Answer = ..................................................... %    [2]

(d) State one way in which the products of meiosis are different from the products of nuclear division in meristematic tissue.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________[1] [Total: 8]

Question: 5
(a) Yeast reproduces asexually by a process called budding. During this process, cell division occurs.

(i) Name the type of cell division that occurs in asexual reproduction.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [1]

(ii) Before the division of the nucleus of a cell, the genetic material must replicate.

Explain why this is essential.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________[2]

(b) Unlike yeast, the nuclei of most eukaryotic organisms contain homologous pairs of chromosomes.

Explain what is meant by a homologous pair of chromosomes.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]

(c) In most multicellular organisms, the cells produced by cell division are organised into tissues.

(i) State what is meant by the term tissue.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [2]

(ii) Complete Table 1.1 below comparing two types of epithelium, squamous epithelium and ciliated epithelium.

For each type of epithelium, state one function of the tissue and one specific location in the human body where it is found.

Table 1.1

type of epithelium
	
function of tissue
	specific location in the human body
	
squamous
			
ciliated

[4] [Total: 12]