1.	How do the levels of oxytocin and progesterone change immediately prior to birth?
	Oxytocin	Progesterone	
A.	decreases	decreases	
B.	decreases	increases	
C.	increases	decreases	
D.	increases	increases	
(Total 1 mark) 
2.	What is the outcome for each of the following processes?
	Spermatogenesis	Oogenesis	
A.	4 gametes	4 gametes	
B.	4 gametes	1 gamete and 3 polar bodies	
C.	2 gametes and 2 polar bodies	2 gametes and 2 polar bodies	
D.	1 gamete and 3 polar bodies	4 gametes	
(Total 1 mark) 
3.	Which is not true of active immunity?
A.	It can be produced by exposure to a disease causing organism.
B.	It can be produced artificially.
C.	It can be produced by a virus.
D.	It can be transferred via the colostrum.
(Total 1 mark)

4.	Anti-diuretic hormone has its main effect on which part of the nephron?
A.	Proximal tubule
B.	Bowman’s capsule
C.	Loop of Henle
D.	Collecting duct
(Total 1 mark)

5.	Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events when the body is responding to a bacterial infection?
I.	Antigen presentation by macrophages
II.	Activation of B-cells
III.	Activation of helper T-cells
A.	I, II, III
B.	I, III, II
C.	III, II, I
D.	II, III, I
(Total 1 mark) 

6.	What is the function of Sertoli cells?
A.	They nourish sperm.
B.	They produce testosterone.
C.	They nourish interstitial cells.
D.	They form the basement membrane.
(Total 1 mark)

7.	Where is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) produced?
A.	Ovary
B.	Anterior pituitary
C.	Embryo
D.	Posterior pituitary
(Total 1 mark)

 
8.	Which curve shows the response of the immune system to a vaccine, followed by an infection?

(Total 1 mark)
9.	What is required to form a blood clot?
I.	Platelets
II.	Clotting factors
III.	Antibodies
IV.	Fibrinogen
A.	I and II only
B.	I, II and III only
C.	I, II and IV only
D.	I, II, III and IV
(Total 1 mark) 
10.	Where in the kidney does ultrafiltration take place?
A.	Glomerulus
B.	Loop of Henlé
C.	Proximal tubule
D.	Collecting ducts
(Total 1 mark)
11.	Where does human fertilization most frequently occur?
A.	Ovary
B.	Oviduct
C.	Uterus
D.	Vagina
(Total 1 mark)
12.	Which type of cell is responsible for secondary immune responses to a pathogen?
A.	Cytotoxic T-cells
B.	Phagocytes
C.	Macrophages
D.	Memory cells
(Total 1 mark) 
13.	Which best describes the role of the kidney in homeostasis?
A.	Storage of urine
B.	Producing urine at a constant rate
C.	Removing urea from the blood
D.	Maintaining the water content of the blood between narrow limits
(Total 1 mark) 
14.	What happens to the polar bodies formed during oogenesis?
A.	They cause the acrosome reaction.
B.	They cause the cortical reaction.
C.	They pull chromosomes to the ends of the cell when the zygote divides.
D.	They are not used and break down.
(Total 1 mark)
15.	How can testis tissue be distinguished from ovary tissue, when seen using a light microscope?
A.	Testis tissue has a layer of muscle fibres and ovary tissue does not.
B.	Testis tissue is cooler than ovary tissue.
C.	Testis tissue contains tubules and ovary tissue does not.
D.	Testis tissue contains pain receptors and ovary tissue does not.
(Total 1 mark)

16.	Which types of cells in the immune system destroy body cells that have been infected by viruses?
A.	Activated B-cells
B.	Cytotoxic T-cells
C.	Phagocytic macrophages
D.	Plasma cells formed by clonal selection
(Total 1 mark) 
17.	What can be changed in the kidney over a period of time in order to carry out the process of osmoregulation?
A.	The amount of blood flowing to the kidney
B.	The amount of fluid filtered from the blood in the glomeruli
C.	The amount of solutes selectively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
D.	The amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting ducts
(Total 1 mark)
18.	What does oxytocin control?
A.	Brain development of the fetus
B.	Onset of ovulation
C.	Stimulation of uterine contractions
D.	Implantation of the blastocyst
(1) 
19.	Which of the following are functions of the placenta?
I.	Gas exchange
II.	Stimulation of uterine contractions
III.	Secretion of progesterone
IV.	Secretion of estrogens
A.	I only
B.	III and IV only
C.	I, III and IV only
D.	I, II, III and IV
(1)

20.	A blood clot contains a network of protein. What is the protein?
A.	Fibrin
B.	Fibrinogen
C.	Hemoglobin
D.	Thrombin
(1)
21.	Which part of the nephron shown below is impermeable to water molecules?

A.	I
B.	II
C.	III
D	IV
(1)

22.	What is the importance of excretion to a living organism?
A.	It prevents waste products from accumulating in the environment around the organism.
B.	It ensures that recycling of nitrogen continues in the organism’s ecosystem.
C.	It prevents feces from accumulating in the digestive system of the organism.
D.	It ensures that the organism is not poisoned by its own waste products.
(Total 1 mark) 
23.	In the menstrual cycle in humans, which hormone causes the wall of the follicle to develop after ovulation and to secrete more progesterone?
A.	Estrogen
B.	FSH
C.	LH
D.	Oxytocin
(Total 1 mark) 
24.	How does the amniotic fluid help the fetus during pregnancy?
I.	Supplies food to allow the fetus to grow rapidly
II.	Supports the fetus so that no part of it is under excess pressure
III.	Protects the fetus by acting as a shock absorber
A.	I and II only
B.	I and III only
C.	II and III only
D.	I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

25.	The walls of blood capillaries in the kidney are fenestrated. How does the fenestration of these capillaries help in the production of urine?
A.	A larger volume of fluid can be filtered out of the blood per minute.
B.	Small molecules are allowed through but not large ones.
C.	Higher blood pressures can be tolerated without damage to the capillaries.
D.	Phagocytes are able to escape from the capillaries and prevent kidney infections.
(Total 1 mark)

26.	How are excretory products removed from the blood during kidney dialysis, without removing glucose?
A.	The dialysis membrane allows excretory products to pass through, but not glucose.
B.	A potential difference across the dialysis membrane draws through excretory products only.
C.	Excretory products dissolve in dialysis fluid but glucose does not.
D.	The dialysis fluid contains glucose but not excretory products.
(Total 1 mark) 
27.	What changes will take place in the composition of urine produced on a hot summer’s day after playing sports for an hour?
	Volume of urine flow	Salt excretion	Urea concentration	
A.	Decreases	Increases	Increases	
B.	Decreases	Decreases	Increases	
C.	Increases	Increases	Increases	
D.	Decreases	Increases	Decreases	
(Total 1 mark)
28.	Which of the structures labelled in the diagram below provide nourishment for developing sperm cells?

From An Atlas of Histology by Freeman and Bracegirdle. Reprinted with permission from Pearson Education Ltd.
(Total 1 mark)

 29.	Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum in the ovary of a woman at implantation?
A.	FSH
B.	LH
C.	HCG
D.	Progesterone
(Total 1 mark)
30.	When an impulse arrives at a synapse which way do calcium ions move?
A.	Into the synaptic knob from the synaptic cleft
B.	Into the post synaptic nerve cell from the synaptic cleft
C.	Out from the synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft
D.	Out from the post synaptic nerve cell into the synaptic cleft
(Total 1 mark)
31.	What are the main excretory products of birds?
I.	Urea
II.	Uric acid
III.	Ammonia
IV.	Carbon dioxide
A.	I and III only
B.	II and IV only
C.	III and IV only
D.	II, III, and IV only
(Total 1 mark)
32.	The diagram below shows part of the glomerulus from a kidney as seen under the electron microscope. Which part is the basement membrane?
              (Total 1 mark)
33.	Which of the following explains clonal selection?
A.	Memory cells are present at birth.
B.	Antigens activate specific immune responses.
C.	The body selects which antigens it will respond to.
D.	People with similar genes respond to antigens in a similar way.
(Total 1 mark)
34.	Why is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) important in early pregnancy?
A.	It is required for equal cell divisions in the growing embryo.
B.	It stimulates the ovary to continue production of estrogen and progesterone.
C.	It increases the rate of cell division in the embryo.
D.	It promotes growth of the inner cell mass within the embryo.
(Total 1 mark) 
35.	What is the role of ligaments in the elbow joint?
A.	Attach biceps to radius
B.	Reduce friction between humerus, ulna and radius
C.	Hold humerus, ulna and radius in proper alignment
D.	Secrete synovial fluid
(Total 1 mark) 
36.	Which process in the human body produces nitrogenous wastes?
A.	Osmoregulation
B.	Degradation of amino acids
C.	Cellular respiration
D.	Ultrafiltration
(Total 1 mark)
37.	What process do the kidney and kidney dialysis machines have in common?
A.	Endocytosis
B.	Active transport
C.	Diffusion
D.	Exocytosis
(Total 1 mark)

38.	Which of the following outlines the roles of the two hormones oxytocin and progesterone during childbirth?
	Oxytocin	Progesterone	
A.	causes uterine contraction	level rises allowing oxytocin
production	
B.	level falls allowing progesterone
production	causes uterine contraction	
C.	stimulates estrogen production	level falls allowing oxytocin
production	
D.	causes uterine contraction	level falls causing oxytocin
production	

(Total 1 mark)
39.	What substances are normally removed from the body by the kidney?
I.	Excess salts
II.	Water
III.	Glucose
A.	I and II only
B.	I and III only
C.	II and III only
D.	I, II and III
(Total 1 mark) 
40.	What happens to the zygote immediately after fertilization?
A.	It remains in the uterus until placenta develops.
B.	It implants in the wall of the uterus.
C.	It divides by meiosis to form an embryo.
D.	It divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst.
(Total 1 mark) 
41.	During oogenesis how many gametes are produced from one oogonium, the cell that starts to divide to produce gametes?
A.	1
B.	2
C.	3
D.	4
(Total 1 mark)
42.	Some infectious diseases are treated by injecting the patient with antibodies after they have been exposed to the disease.
What type of immunity is this?
A.	Artificial and active
B.	Artificial and passive
C.	Natural and passive
D.	Natural and active
(Total 1 mark) 
43.	When a nerve impulse is received by skeletal muscle it initiates a number of processes that result in contraction. What are the roles of Ca2+, tropomyosin and ATP in contraction?
	Ca2+	Tropomyosin	ATP	
A.	binds to troponin	exposes binding site	binds to myosin	
B.	binds to myosin	exposes binding site	binds to troponin	
C.	binds to actin	exposes binding site	binds to myosin	
D.	binds to troponin	binds to myosin	binds to actin	
(Total 1 mark) 
44.	What part of the kidney is affected by anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)?
A.	Proximal convoluted tubule
B.	Loop of Henle
C.	Collecting duct
D.	Glomerulus
(Total 1 mark)
45.	Human sperm and eggs both consist of single cells. What is a difference between them?
A.	Sperm have more chromosomes than eggs.
B.	Eggs have more chromosomes than sperm.
C.	Sperm have a larger surface area to volume ratio than eggs.
D.	Eggs have a larger surface area to volume ratio than sperm.
(Total 1 mark)

46.	Which type of urine would be produced in a human whose diet contains very small quantities of protein or fluid?
	Urea Concentration	Salt Concentration	
A.	High	Low	
B.	Low	High	
C.	High	High	
D.	Low	Low	
(Total 1 mark) 
47.	Which correctly describes the role of the epididymis in semen production?
A.	Produces fluid containing fructose to nurture sperm.
B.	Finishes maturation of sperm so that they are capable of swimming.
C.	Produces alkaline fluid with minerals to protect sperm.
D.	Produces fluid containing fructose and store mature sperm.
(Total 1 mark)
48.	After fertilization what is the correct order of events?
A.	Embryo secretes HCG → implantation of embryo in uterine wall → stimulates corpus luteum to grow
B.	Implantation of embryo in uterine wall → stimulates corpus luteum to grow → embryo secretes HCG
C.	Implantation of embryo in uterine wall → embryo secretes HCG → stimulates corpus luteum to grow
D.	Continued secretion of progesterone and estrogen → embryo secretes HCG → stimulates corpus luteum to grow→ implantation of embryo in uterine wall
(Total 1 mark)

49.	Colostrum, the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth, also contains antibodies that can be absorbed into the baby’s blood. What type of immunity is the baby acquiring from its mother?
A.	Passive
B.	Antigen
C.	Active
D.	Artificial
(Total 1 mark)

 50.	What is the correct order in the production of monoclonal antibodies?
A.	Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody → inject antigens into animal → fuse B-cells with tumour cells → harvest monoclonal antibodies.
B.	Inject antigens into animal → isolate B-cells producing specific antibody → fuse B-cells with tumour cells → harvest monoclonal antibodies.
C.	Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody → fuse B-cells with tumour cells → inject antigens into animal → harvest monoclonal antibodies.
D.	Inject antigens into animal → fuse cultured B-cells with tumour cells → isolate B-cells producing specific antibody → harvest monoclonal antibodies.
(Total 1 mark)

51.	The diagram below shows part of a muscle fibre. What parts are labelled I and II?

	I	II	
A.	Myosin filaments	Actin filaments	
B.	Troponin filaments	Tropomyosin filaments	
C.	Tropomyosin filaments	Troponin filaments	
D.	Actin filaments	Myosin filaments	
(Total 1 mark) 

52.	What is the location and function of Sertoli cells?
	Location	Function	
A.	Seminiferous tubule	Feeding developing sperm	
B.	Seminiferous tubule	Feeding interstitial cells	
C.	Epididymis	Feeding developing sperm	
D.	Epididymis	Feeding interstitial cells 	
(Total 1 mark)

53.	During fertilization in humans, where do the acrosome and the cortical reactions occur most often?
	Acrosome reaction	Cortical reaction	
A.	Vagina	Uterus	
B.	Uterus	Oviduct (fallopian tube)	
C.	Oviduct (fallopian tube)	Uterus	
D.	Oviduct (fallopian tube)	Oviduct (fallopian tube)	
(Total 1 mark) 
54.	Which is the correct sequence of events when skin is cut and bleeding occurs?
	I.	Thrombin is produced
II.	Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin
III.	Platelets release clotting factors
A.	I ® II ® III
B.	I ® III ® II
C.	III ® II ® I
D.	III ® I ® II
(Total 1 mark) 
55.	In which part of the nephron is the glucose concentration of the filtrate reduced?
A.	Distal convoluted tubule
B.	Proximal convoluted tubule
C.	Ascending limb of the loop of Henlé
D.	Descending limb of the loop of Henlé
(Total 1 mark)
56.	What structures are labelled I, II and III in the diagram of the kidney below?
	
	I	II	III	
A.	Cortex	Medulla	Urethra	
B.	Medulla	Pelvis	Ureter	
C.	Cortex	Medulla	Ureter	
D.	Medulla	Pelvis	Urethra	

(Total 1 mark)

1.	C
2.	B
3.	D
4.	D
5.	B
6.	A
7.	C
8.	B
9.	C
10.	A
11.	B
12.	D
13.	D
14.	D
15.	C
16.	B
17.	D
18.	C
19.	C
20.	A
21.	C
22.	D
23.	C
24.	C
25.	A
26.	D
27.	B
28.	C
29.	C
30.	A
31.	B
32.	C
33.	B
34.	B
35.	C
36.	B
37.	C
38.	D
39.	A
40.	D
41.	A
42.	B
43.	A
44.	C
45.	C
46.	B
47.	B
48.	C
49.	A
50.	B
51.	D
52.	A
53.	D
54.	D
55.	B
56.	B